Enumeration Results
Pre-Inspection Visit
Advanced *NIX help and scripts
Refference the image for a flow chart
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Enumeration
Remote applications being served on a host can be determined by an open port on that host. By port scanning it is then possible to build up a picture of what applications are running and tailor the test accordingly. Enumerating the target host can give you an idea straight away where to concentrate your vulnerability assessment on. The best tool for this by far is of course NMAP! For further version enumerating there's AMAP and if you want a quick a easy port scanner, Dan Kaminsky's scanrand (part of the paketto suite), is furiously fast against your target host. You could also try hping which as well as being an excellent tool for testing network performance can also be used for TCP/IP stack auditing, to uncover firewall policy, to scan TCP port in a lot of different modes, to transfer files across a firewall and many other stuff. One other useful tool used to enumerate NetBios information is nbtscan. One other tool that has a few nice add-ons is Unicornscan which can be used for basic enumeration, but also for introducing specific stimuli into the target network and measuring and recording the responses gained. Of course if all hosts are behind a firewall you need to really assess what the firewall allow and deny rules are for the network. A way to find out this information is by firewalking utilising firewalk. Obviously a returned result from nmap will give you a bunch of open ports and the quick and easy way to enumerate services that are running and gather version and OS details is to utilise the trusty in built applications within your OS: Enumerating with Telnet:
Port 21 - File Transfer Protocol open
Port 23 - Telnet port open
Port 25 - Simple Mail Transport Protocol open
Port 80 - Hypertext Transport Protocol open A bonus when enumerating is finding port 79 open, notably used by the finger service. It may be possible to enumerate a number of valid user accounts and also the OS type by passing the following command against the remote host: finger 'a b c d e f g h'@target
Sample output:
Enumerating with Net View: |
NMAP
Nmap is typically utilised for network mapping, enumeration and security auditing. It can scan large networks extremely quickly and reliably and scales well from a single host to a class A network, (that may take a while though!). Nmap enumerates what hosts are alive on a network, their open ports and consequently the services/applications they are running. From this information nmap can also attempt to fingerprint the OS in use on the remote host. Another use is gleaning information on firewall rulesets which may help you further in a VA/Penetration Test type scenario.
Available from insecure.org
Installation:
Requires Winpcap 3.1 beta 4 or above
Just extract the nmap-VERSION-win32.zip file into an appropriate directory, tar -zxvf the appropriate nmap tarball or for simplicity and upgrade use the rpm facility.
Execution:
Usage: nmap [Scan Type(s)] [Options] {target specification}
Target Specification:
Can pass hostnames, IP addresses, networks, i.e. example.website.org, microsoft.com/24, 192.168.0.1; 10.0.0-255.1-254
-iL <inputfilename>: Input from list of hosts/networks
-iR <num hosts>: Choose random targets
--exclude <host1[,host2][,host3],...>: Exclude hosts/networks
--excludefile <exclude_file>: Exclude list from file
Host Discovery:
-sL: List Scan - simply list targets to scan
-sP: Ping Scan - go no further than determining if host is online
-P0: Treat all hosts as online -- skip host discovery
-PS/PA/PU [portlist]: TCP SYN/ACK or UDP discovery to given ports
-PE/PP/PM: ICMP echo, timestamp, netmask request discovery probes
-n/R: Never do DNS resolution/Always resolve [default: sometimes]
--dns-servers <serv1[,serv2],...>: Specify custom DNS servers
--system-dns: Use OS's DNS resolver
Scan Techniques:
-sS/sT/sA/sW/sM: TCP SYN/Connect()/ACK/Window/Maimon scans
-sN/sF/sX: TCP Null, FIN, and Xmas scans
--scanflags <flags>: Customize TCP scan flags
-sI <zombie host[:probeport]>: Idlescan
-sO: IP protocol scan
-b <ftp relay host>: FTP bounce scan
Port Specification and Scan order:
-p <port ranges>: Only scan specified ports;
i.e. -p22; -p1-65535; -p U:53,111,137, T:21-25,80,139,8080
-F: Fast - Scan only the ports listed in the nmap-services file)
-r: Scan ports consecutively - don't randomize
Service/Version Detection:
-sV: Probe open ports to determine service/version info
--version-intensity <level>: 0 (light) to 9 (try all probes)
--version-light: Limit to most likely probes (intensity 2)
--version-all: Try every single probe (intensity 9)
--version-trace: Detailed version scan activity (for debugging)
OS Detection:
-O: Enable OS detection
--osscan-limit: Limit OS detection to promising targets
--osscan-guess: Guess OS more aggressively
Timing & Performance:
-T[0-5]: Set timing template (higher is faster)
--min-hostgroup/max-hostgroup <size>: Parallel scan group sizes
--min-parallelism/max-parallelism <msec>: Probe parallelization
--min-rtt-timeout/max-rtt-timeout/initial-rtt-timeout <msec>: Specifies probe round trip time.
--max-retries <tries>: Caps # of port scan probe retransmissions.
--host-timeout <msec>: Give up on target after this long
--scan-delay/--max-scan-delay <msec>: Adjust delay between probes
Firewall/IDS Evasion & Spoofing
-f --mtu <val>: fragment packets (optionally w/given MTU)
-D <decoy1,decoy2[,ME],...>: Cloak a scan with decoys
-S <IP_Address>: Spoof source address
-e <iface>: Use specified interface
-g/--source-port <portnum>: Use given port number
--data-length <num>: Append random data to sent packets
--ttl <val>: Set IP time-to-live field
--spoof-mac <mac address/prefix/vendor name>: Spoof MAC address
--badsum: Send packets with a bogus TCP/UDP checksum
Output:
-oN/-oX/-oS/-oG <file>: Output scan in normal, XML, s|<rIpt kIddi3, and Grepable format to the given filename.
-oA <basename>: Output in the three major formats at once
-v: Increase verbosity level (use twice for more effect)
-d[level]: Set/increase debugging level (Up to 9 is meaningful)
--packet-trace: Show all packets sent and received
--iflist: Print host interfaces and routes (for debugging)
--append-output: Append rather than clobber output files
--resume <filename>: Resume an aborted scan
--stylesheet <path/URL>: XSL stylesheet to transform
XML output to HTML
--webxml: Reference stylesheet from Insecure.Org
for more portable XML
--no-stylesheet: Prevent associating of XSL stylesheet
w/XML output
Miscellaneous:
-6: Enable IPv6 scanning
-A: Enables OS detection and Version detection
--datadir <dirname>: Specify custom Nmap data file location
--send-eth/--send-ip: Send using raw ethernet frames/IP packets
--privileged: Assume that the user is fully privileged
-V: Print version number
-h: Print this help summary page
Example: nmap -v -sS -O www.my.com 192.168.0.0/16 '192.88-90.*.*'
Expected Output:
Syn Stealth Scan
C:\nmap>nmap -sS -O -p- 200.100.100.234
Starting nmap 4.01( http://www.insecure.org/nmap ) at 2006-01-17 21:37 GMT Standard Time
Interesting ports on 200.100.100.234:
(The 65530 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
111/tcp open rpcbind
139/tcp open netbios-ssn
445/tcp open microsoft-ds
1241/tcp open nessus
MAC Address: 00:0C:29:2A:CF:F9 (VMware)
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 2.4.X|2.5.X
OS details: Linux 2.4.0 - 2.5.20
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 11.436 seconds
Version Scan
C:\nmap>nmap -sV -O -p- 200.100.100.234
Starting nmap 4.01( http://www.insecure.org/nmap ) at 2006-01-17 21:37 GMT Standard Time
Interesting ports on 200.100.100.234:
(The 65530 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 3.6.1p2 (protocol 1.99)
111/tcp open rpcbind 2 (rpc #100000)
139/tcp open netbios-ssn Samba smbd 3.X (workgroup: WORKGROUP)
445/tcp open netbios-ssn Samba smbd 3.X (workgroup: WORKGROUP)
1241/tcp open ssl Nessus security scanner
MAC Address: 00:0C:29:2A:CF:F9 (VMware)
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 2.4.X|2.5.X
OS details: Linux 2.4.0 - 2.5.20
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 21.611 seconds
AMAP
Amap has been designed to correlate the applications that are running on a specific port or ports residing on a host. Amap does this by connecting to the port(s) and sending packets that will hopefully trigger an automatic response in reply. These packets typically encompass a standard attempt by an application to carry out a handshake between both hosts. A lot of network daemons only respond to when a connection is attempted utilising an appropriate handshake (i.e. SSL). Amap then correlates this response with its in-built library and verbosely prints to screen.Available from thc.org
Execution:
amap v5.1 (c) 2005 by van Hauser <amap-dev@thc.org> www.thc.org/thc-amap
Syntax: amap [-A|-B|-P|-W] [-1buSRHUdqv] [[-m] -o <file>] [-D <file>] [-t/-T sec] [-c cons] [-C retries] [-p proto] [-i <file>] [target port [port] ...]
Modes:
-A Map applications: send triggers, analyse responses (default)
-B Just grab banners, do not send triggers
-P No banner or application stuff - be a port scanner
-W Web Update - online update the application fingerprint database!
Options:
-1 Only send triggers to a port until 1st identification. Speeeeed!
-6 Use IPv6 instead of IPv4
-b Print ascii banner of responses
-i FILE Nmap machine readable outputfile to read ports from
-u Ports specified on commandline are UDP (default is TCP)
-R / -S Do NOT identify RPC / SSL services
-H Do NOT send application triggers marked as potentially harmful
-U Do NOT dump unrecognised responses (better for scripting)
-d Dump all responses
-v Verbose mode, use twice+ for debug (not recommended :-)
-q Doesn't report closed ports, do not print them as unidentified
-o FILE [-m] Write output to file FILE,
-m creates machine readable output
-c CONS Amount of parallel connections default 32, max 256)
-C RETRIES Number of reconnects on connect timeouts default 3)
-T SEC Connect timeout in seconds (default 5)
-t SEC Response wait timeout in seconds (default 5)
-p PROTO Only send triggers for this protocol (e.g. ftp)
Usage hint: Options "-bqv" are recommended, add "-1" for fast/rush checks.
Scanrand
Scanrand is extremely quick and effective port scanner. It works by forking two distinct processes:- One to send the initial queries,
- One to receive responses and reconcile them from the above.
Scanrand comes as part of the paketto suite of tools and is available from Dan Kaminsky's site.
Note:- Install the provided
libnet,libtomcrypt and libpcap tarballs firstInstallation is by means of the usual
./configure, make and make install process, however I found that with installing on both Fedora Core 1 (within VMWare) and Fedora Core 4 that errors were encountered. These were fixed as follows:Fedora Core 1:
paketto.h the following lines cause an error as only the first has been commented, either comment them all or issue the command 4dd in the vi editor to delete them all#error "We couldn't find the system macro _IOW on your machine...if you run find /usr/include | xargs grep _IOW and find some file other than sys/sockio.h containing the macro, emaildan@doxpara.com and I'll get it in the next build."e;Fedora Core 4 & 5:
Strangely a different error? A number of files report errors on the configure process including
paketto.c, lc.c, minewt.c and scanutil.c.paketto.c:112: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
paketto.c:121: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
paketto.c:136: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
paketto.c:137: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
paketto.c:167: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
paketto.c:173: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
paketto.c:179: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
paketto.c:320: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
paketto.c:337: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
minewt.c:602: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
scanutil.c: In function bake_syncookie:
scanutil.c:13: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
scanutil.c:14: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
scanutil.c: In function munch_syncookie:
scanutil.c:42: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
scanutil.c:43: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
scanutil.c: In function build_generic_syn:
scanutil.c:255: warning: assignment from incompatible pointer type
scanutil.c:264: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
scanutil.c:279: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
lc.c: In function main:
lc.c:193: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
lc.c:226: error: invalid lvalue in assignment
lc.c:247: error: invalid lvalue in assignmentThe problem lies in the fact that the
(char *) ((void *) in lc.c) variable has been declared both sides and the first such reference to this needs to be removed i.e.(char *)x->eth = (char *)packet; needs to be edited to:x->eth = (char *)packet; and(char *)x->arp = (char *)x->eth + LIBNET_ETH_H; needs to be edited to:x->arp = (char *)x->eth + LIBNET_ETH_H; etc.There are quite a few of these changes to be made but once done should then compile straightforwardly. Look for the error messages lvalue and assignment and record the line numbers outputted. It is on these lines that you must remove the duplicate variables.
Execution:
OPTIONS
Scanrand implements numerous options; reasonable defaults are selected when no specific guidance is received from the user. The only thing mandated is a target destination, which may be specified using either a FQDN(Fully Qualified Domain Name) or a numeric specification. These numerics may employ any number of dashes, commas, or combination thereof at the same time. For example, scanrand 10.0.1-255.1-10,20:80,137-139 works fine. More ports will be scanned by default when scanning a single host than when scanning a network. Scanrand is able to estimate remote hopcount by examining incoming TTLs.
-S Only send requests, do not listen for their responses.-L Only listen for responses, do not actually send the matching requests. There's nothing that forces the sender and receiver to be the same host -- in fact, split operation is explicitly supported.-e Show responses from hosts that are up but aren't accepting connections to the requested port.-E *ONLY* show responses from hosts that are up but aren't accepting connections to the requested port -- do not display ports that are up.-t [number of seconds] = Set maximum number of seconds that may pass before listening process gives up on receiving any more responses. This timer is reset with every good response, whether the port is up or down.-b [bandwidth] [b][k][m][g] = Limit the amount of bandwidth that scanrand may use for its outgoing requests. -b 100k would limit said bandwidth to 100kbyte/s. Note, since outgoing SYN frames constitute only 64 bytes on the wire, very little bandwidth can go very, very far. The bandwidth value of 0 -- set by default -- corresponds to no bandwidth limitation.-N Use Reverse-DNS to determine a DNS host name that matches the source of a detected packet.-NN Use Reverse-DNS to determine a DNS host name that matches the intended destination of a given packet.-v Verbosity Level 1: Mark the sending of packets.-vv Verbosity Level 2: Output all interpreted TCP and IP headers. ADDRESSING-d <interface> = Use this Layer 2 Device for all traffic.-i <IP Address> = Use this Layer 3 Source IP address for all traffic.-p <Port> = Use this Layer 4 TCP Source Port for all direct traffic. TCP Traceroute will use this port as a basis for its activity, but will vary its actual selected port by up to 255.-s <Seed> = Use this value as a cryptographic seed for authenticating incoming packets. This value is normally generated automatically, but needs to be manually specified and synchronized when splitting the sender and receiver processes across invocations, hosts, and possibly entire networks. It is highly advised not to repeat the same seed for two separate scans; spoofing responses becomes much easier given that circumstance.-f <file> = Read list of targets from a file. Syntax follows whatever is accepted on the command line.-l <from-to> = Stateless TCP Tracerouting -- instead of just iterating across ports and hosts, we're iterating across network hops and reconstructing the network based on the ICMP errors (with original copies of our IP and first 8 bytes of TCP. May function in tandem with standard host/port lists. Specify minimum and maximum hop-distance you want to map, as in scanrand -l1-20 www.foobar.com-c Verify Inverse SYN Cookies in returned ICMP errors. Not enabled by default.-D Actively discover distance to target host. This is done by sending it an invalid ACK, which immediately forces a TCP RST. It turns out that lots of systems (including Minewt, oops) attempting to return replies as fast as possible will use the incoming packet as a prototype for the response, flipping only those fields that absolutely need to be. This doesn't include TTL...so what happens is, we send out our ACK probe with a TTL of around 180. No normal host will ever have a TTL in that range, and no normal network will hop down from the 255's into there. Now, we can look at returned RST's, see the TTL in the impossible range, and know that we caused it. Divide by two to get the average distance (between getting there and getting back, usually identical but not always due to asymmetric routing). "Distco mode" is flexible enough to handle when TTL's *are* handled correctly, and in at least one case, will determine hopcounts through firewalls that otherwise try to scrub the TTL back up to 64. On the flip side, at least one PIX likes to respond to an ACK with a locally produced RST|ACK, for some unimaginable reason. Great way to find out if you're behind a PIX, but it kills Distco dead (sort of like the 80's). PORT SELECTION Instead of using a comma/dash notated port range, like "80,20-25", several default port ranges have been precompiled into scanrand. They are:quick = Quick scanning hits the top one or two dozen TCP service ports that are often enabled on a given server. This translates directly to: 80,443,445,53,20-23,25,135,139,8080, 110,111,143,1025,5000,465,993,31337, 79,8010,8000,6667,2049,3306 This is the default scan mode when scanning a single host. When multiple hosts are scanned, scanrand automatically defaults to scan only port 80 (HTTP).
squick = Super-Quick scanning hits the top five or six TCP service ports that are very often enabled on a given server. This translates directly to: 80,443,139,21,22,23
known = Known Port Scanning uses IANA's list of TCP port numbers, as well as any other port numbers observed by Fyodor of the nmap project, to select 1150 ports from the 65K possible to scan. This is equivalent to the nmap "fast scan" option.
all = Scans all ports -- 0(which is a valid port!) to 65535.
Simple Sample Output:
root@host ~]# scanrand 192.168.0.1:all
UP: 192.168.0.1:135 [01] 0.112s
UP: 192.168.0.1:139 [01] 0.112s
UP: 192.168.0.1:389 [01] 0.151s
UP: 192.168.0.1:445 [01] 0.155s
UP: 192.168.0.1:1025 [01] 0.898s
UP: 192.168.0.1:1026 [01] 0.899s
UP: 192.168.0.1:1720 [01] 0.955s
UP: 192.168.0.1:3002 [01] 1.026s
UP: 192.168.0.1:47624 [01] 14.983sThese open ports can then be mapped to various services, obviously from the ports open we are looking at a Microsoft Windows host with 135,139 and 445 open. From a pen testers perspective now, the services running on the other ports may be of interest.
Hping
Hping is a software to do TCP/IP stack auditing, to uncover firewall policy, to scan TCP port in a lot of different modes, to transfer files across a firewall and many other stuff. Using hping you are able to do even a lot of not security-regarding stuff i.e.- Test firewall rules
- Advanced port scanning
- Test net performance using different protocols, packet size, TOS (type of service) and fragmentation.
- Path MTU discovery
- Transferring files between hosts where stringent firewall rules are being applied.
- Traceroute-like under different protocols.
- Firewalk-like usage.
- Remote OS fingerprinting.
- TCP/IP stack auditing.
The usual
./configure & make && make install routine works fine, however, it is best to install the latest libpcap package.Basic Execution
root@FC4]# hping3 192.168.0.1
HPING 192.168.0.1 (eth0 192.168.0.1): NO FLAGS are set, 40 headers + 0 data bytes
mslen=46 ip=192.168.0.1 ttl=128 id=2258 sport=0 flags=RA seq=0 win=0 rtt=0.7
mslen=46 ip=192.168.0.1 ttl=128 id=2259 sport=0 flags=RA seq=1 win=0 rtt=0.8
mslen=46 ip=192.168.0.1 ttl=128 id=2260 sport=0 flags=RA seq=2 win=0 rtt=0.7
mslen=46 ip=192.168.0.1 ttl=128 id=2261 sport=0 flags=RA seq=3 win=0 rtt=0.3
mslen=46 ip=192.168.0.1 ttl=128 id=2262 sport=0 flags=RA seq=4 win=0 rtt=0.8
mslen=46 ip=192.168.0.1 ttl=128 id=2263 sport=0 flags=RA seq=5 win=0 rtt=0.2
mslen=46 ip=192.168.0.1 ttl=128 id=2264 sport=0 flags=RA seq=6 win=0 rtt=0.7
mslen=46 ip=192.168.0.1 ttl=128 id=2265 sport=0 flags=RA seq=7 win=0 rtt=0.3 ms
--- 192.168.0.1 hping statistic ---
8 packets tramitted, 8 packets received, 0% packet loss(ms)len is the size, in bytes, of the data captured from the data link layer excluding the data link header size. This may not match the IP datagram size due to low level transport layer padding.ip is the source ip address.id is the IP ID field.flags are the TCP flags, R for RESET,
S for SYN,
A for ACK,
F for FIN,
P for PUSH,
U for URGENTseq is the sequence number of the packet, obtained using the source port for TCP/UDP packets, the sequence field for ICMP packets.win is the window size.rtt is the round trip time. i.e. time taken to return from the initial ping.
Nbtscan
NBTscan scans IP networks for Microsoft Windows NetBIOS name information. It sends NetBIOS status queries to all hosts specified in the range to check and outputs the information directly to screen. The results list:- IP address,
- NetBIOS computer name,
- logged-in user name,
- MAC address.
./configure & make && make install (as you would expect)Usage:
nbtscan [-v] [-d] [-e] [-l] [-t timeout] [-b bandwidth] [-r] [-q] [-s separator] [-m retransmits] (-f filename)|(<scan_range>)
-v verbose output. Print all names received from each host
-d dump packets. Print whole packet contents.
-e Format output in /etc/hosts format.
-l Format output in lmhosts format. Cannot be used with -v, -s or -h options.
-t timeout wait timeout in milliseconds for response. Default 1.
-b bandwidth Output throttling. Slows down output uses no more that bandwidth.
(Useful on slow links, so outgoing queries don't get dropped.)
-r use local port 137 for scans. Win95 boxes respond to this only.
-q Suppress banners and error messages,
-s Script-friendly output. Don't print column/record headers
-h Print human-readable names for services. Can only be used with -v option.
-m retransmits Number of retransmits. Default 0.
-f filename Take IP addresses to scan from file filename
-f - makes nbtscan take IP addresses from stdin.
<scan_range> what to scan. Either single IP i.e. 192.168.1.1 or range of addresses
in one of two forms:
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/xx or xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx-xxx.Examples:
nbtscan -r 192.168.0.0/24Scans the whole C-class network.
Doing NBT name scan for addresses from 192.168.0.0/24
NetBIOS Name Table for Host 192.168.0.1:
Name Service Type
----------------------------------------
WORK1 <00> UNIQUE
WORK1 <20> UNIQUE
WORKGROUP <00> GROUP
Adapter address: 00-02-b3-a7-6a-50
----------------------------------------
NetBIOS Name Table for Host 192.168.0.99:
Name Service Type
----------------------------------------
2003-SVR <00> UNIQUE
2003-SVR <20> UNIQUE
ConfigServer <1c> GROUP
WORKGROUP <00> GROUP
2003-svr <2d> UNIQUE
WORKGROUP <1e> GROUP
WORKGROUP <1d> UNIQUE
__MSBROWSE__ <01> GROUPnbtscan 192.168.1.25-137Scans a range from 192.168.1.25 to 192.168.1.137
nbtscan -v -s : 192.168.0.0/24Scans C-class network. Prints results in script-friendly format using colon as field separator. Produces output like that:
192.168.0.1:NT_SERVER:00U
192.168.0.1:MY_DOMAIN:00G
192.168.0.1:ADMINISTRATOR:03U
192.168.0.2:OTHER_BOX:00U
nbtscan -f iplistScans IP addresses specified in file iplist.
Unicornscan
Unicornscan is designed as a compact enumerator for gathering network and OS information. It provides the user with the facility to introduce a stimuli against a specific host or network and measure the returned response. It currently has a number of features, including:- Asynchronous stateless TCP scanning with all variations of TCP Flags.
- Asynchronous stateless TCP banner grabbing
- Asynchronous protocol specific UDP Scanning (sending enough of a signature to elicit a response).
- Active and Passive remote OS, application, and component identification by analyzing responses.
- PCAP file logging and filtering
- Relational database output
- Custom module support
- Customized data-set views
Unicornscan is available from here
rpm -ivh unicornscan-0.4.2-0.i386.rpmExecution:
Usage:
unicornscan [options `b:B:d:De:EFhi:L:m:M:pP:q:r:R:s:St:T:w:W:vVZ:' ]
IP_ADDRESS/CIDR_SUBNET_MASK:S-EOptions:
-b, --broken-crc *[Set broken crc sums on [T]ransport layer, [N]etwork layer, or both[TN]]
-B, --source-port *[Set source port? or whatever the scan module expects as a number]
-d, --delay-type *[Set delay type] Numeric value, valid options are:
1:tsc
2:gtod
3:sleep
-D, --no-defpayload [No default Payload, probe known protocols]
-e, --enable-module *[enable modules listed as arguments (output and report currently)]
-E, --show-errors [for tracking icmp errors and rst packets]
-h, --help [help]
-i, --interface *[interface name, i.e. eth0, not normally required]
-m, --mode *[scan mode] Options include:
tcp (syn) scan is default,
U for udp
T for tcp
`sf' for tcp connect scan and
A for arp
-M, --module-dir *[default:/usr/local/libexec/unicornscan/modules)]
-p, --no-patience [No patience, display things as we find them]
-P, --pcap-filter *[Extra pcap filter string for reciever]
-q, --covertness *[Covertness value from 0 to 255]
-r, --pps *[pkts/s (total, not per host, as you go higher it gets less accurate)]
-R, --repeats *[Repeat packet scan N times]
-s, --source-addr *[Source address for packets `r' for random]
-S, --no-shuffle [DON'T shuffle ports]
-t, --ip-ttl *[Set TTL on sent packets]
-T, --ip-tos *[set TOS on sent packets]
-w, --safefile *[Write pcap file of recieved packets]
-W, --fingerprint *[OS fingerprint] Options are:
0=cisco(def)
1=openbsd
2=WindowsXP
3=p0fsendsyn
4=FreeBSD
5=nmap
6=linux
7:Crazy lint tcp header (use with p0f hopefully)
-v, --verbose [verbose (each time more verbose so -vvvvv is really verbose!!!!!)]
-V, --version [Display version]
-Z, --drone-type *[L or S]
Note:- Using the flags -mT you can also specify tcp flags following the T like -mTsFpU for example that would send tcp syn packets with (NO Syn|FIN|NO Push|URG)
*: Options with `*' require an argument following them
Address ranges are 1.2.3.4/8 for all of 1.?.?.? (if you omit the CIDR mask then the subnet mask of /32 is implied)
Port ranges to be used come in the format 1-4096, for a range, 80 for a single port and "a" for all 65535 TCP ports and "p" for the default port range of 1-1024
Example: unicornscan -i eth1 208.47.125.0/24:1-4000 -pr 160 -E
Basic Example Output:
[root@host ~]# unicornscan 192.168.0.1
Open epmap[ 135] From 192.168.0.1 ttl 128
Open netbios-ssn[ 139] From 192.168.0.1 ttl 128
Open ldap[ 389] From 192.168.0.1 ttl 128
Open microsoft-ds[ 445] From 192.168.0.1 ttl 128
Open blackjack[ 1025] From 192.168.0.1 ttl 128
Open h323hostcall[ 1720] From 192.168.0.1 ttl 128
Firewalk
Firewalk is an active reconnaissance network security tool for enumerating firewalls. It attempts to determine what layer 4 protocols a firewall within its current configuration will allow to pass through to internal hosts. Firewalk sends out TCP or UDP packets with a TTL one greater than the targeted gateway/firewall. If the gateway/firewall allows the traffic, it will forward the packets to the next hop where they will expire and elicit an ICMP_TIME_EXCEEDED message. If the gateway host does not allow the traffic, it will likely drop the packets on the floor and we will see no response.
Installation:
Currently available from here or I have an rpm that does work on Fedora Core 4/5.
./configure
make
make install
Execution:
firewalk -p [protocol] -d [destination_port] -s [source_port] [internal_IP] [gateway_IP]
Options:
-d 1-65535 Specify initial dest port to use during the ramping phase.
-h Program help.
-i Interface_name Specify interface to use.
-n Don't resolve IP's to hostnames.
-P 1-2000 Set a network writing pause, to keep firealk from flooding the network.
-p TCP,UDP Type of scan to perform.
-r Strict RFC 793 compliance.
-S 1-65535,... (1-130,139,1025) Specify ports to scan. Specified in ranges, delimited by dashes, multiple ranges may be specified, delimited by commas. Omitting the terminating port number is shorthand for 65535.
-s 1-65535 (53)Specify the source port for the scan (both phases).
-T 1-2000 (2)Network packet reading timeout.
-t 1-25 (1)Sets initial IP TTL value (target gateway is known to be n hops from the source host, the TTL can be preloaded to facilitate a faster scan.
-v Dump program version and exit.
-x Expire vector (1)The expire vector is the number of hops that the scanning probes will expire,past the gateway host. The binding hopcount is the hopcount of the gateway + the expire vector.
Sample Output:
root@fc4>firewalk -n -p tcp -s 80 -d 80 192.168.0.1 192.168.1.1
Firewalk 5.0 [gateway ACL scanner]
Firewalk state initialization completed successfully.
TCP-based scan.
Ramping phase source port: 80, destination port: 80
Hotfoot through 192.168.0.1 using 192.168.1.1 as a metric.
Ramping Phase:
expired [192.168.0.1]
Binding host reached.
Scan bound at 2 hops.
Scanning Phase:
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port listen) [192.168.1.1]
A! open (port not listen) [192.168.1.1]
In this example, traffic is allowed through ports 25 and 80, in essence Sendmail, (SMTP) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). An attacker trying to get inside your network could then quite possibly use tools such as nmap to scan internal subnets for all hosts with these distinct ports open. Having found some targets, they may try and bypass your firewall by tunnelling traffic through these ports.
Network Time Protocol Enumeration
NTP is a protocol designed to synchronise clocks of networked computers. From a Vulnerability Analysis/Penetration testing aspect, the data available when querying the ntp server can prove quite valuable and is usually available without any formal authentication being required.
The following commands can be used against an NTP server:
- ntpdate
- ntptrace
- ntpdc
- ntpq
Ntpdate - ntpdate can collect a number of time samples from a number of time sources (i.e., multiple NTP servers)
ntpdate [-bBdoqsuv] [-a key] [-e authdelay] [-k keyfile] [-o version] [-p samples] [-t timeout] [server/IP_address]
# ntpdate 192.168.0.1
27 Dec 11:50:49 ntpdate[627]: adjust time server 192.168.0.1 offset -0.005030 sec
Options
-a key Enable the authentication function/specify the key identifier to be used for authentication.
-B Force the time to always be slewed.
-b Force the time to be stepped.
-d Enable debugging mode.
-e authdelay Specify the processing delay.
-k keyfile Specify the path for the authentication key file as the string keyfile. The default is /etc/ntp.keys.
-o version Specify NTP version for outgoing packets as the integer version, can be 1 or 2. Default is 3.
-p samples Specify # of samples to be acquired from each server, with values from 1-8. Default is 4.
-q Query only - don't set the clock.
-s Divert logging output from the standard output (default) to the system syslog facility.
-t timeout Specify the maximum time waiting for a server response. Default is 1 second.
-u Use an unprivileged port or outgoing packets.
-v Be verbose.
Ntptrace - ntptrace determines where a NTP server gets its time from, and follows the chain of NTP servers back to its primary i.e. master, time source. If you supply no argument ntptrace will start with the localhost, if a server is specified, the localhost will appear last.
ntptrace [-vdn] [-r retries ] [-t timeout] [servername/IP_address]
# ntptrace localhost: stratum 4, offset 0.0019529, synch distance 0.143235 192.168.0.1: stratum 2, offset 0.0114273, synch distance 0.115554 192.168.1.1: stratum 1, offset 0.0017698, synch distance 0.011193
Options
-d Display debugging output.
-n Does not print host names only IP addresses are shown. May be useful if a nameserver is down.
-r retries Sets the number of retransmission attempts for each host (default = 5).
-t timeout Sets the retransmission timeout (in seconds) (default = 2).
-v Prints verbose information about the NTP servers.
Ntpdc - ntpdc is used to query the ntpd daemon about its current state and to request changes in that state. The program may be run either in interactive mode or controlled using command line arguments.
ntpdc [-ilnps] [-c command] [hostname/IP_address]
root@attacker]# ntpdc -c sysinfo 192.168.0.1
***Warning changing to older implementation
***Warning changing the request packet size from 160 to 48
system peer: 192.168.1.100
system peer mode: client
leap indicator: 00
stratum: 5
precision: -15
root distance: 0.00107 s
root dispersion: 0.02306 s
reference ID: [192.168.1.100]
reference time: f66s4f45.f633e130 Wed, Jun 28 2006 11:06:11.631
system flags: monitor ntp stats calibrate
jitter: 0.000000 s
stability: 4.256 ppm
broadcastdelay: 0.003875 s
authdelay: 0.000107 s
root@attacker]# ntpdc -c monlist 192.168.0.1
***Warning changing to older implementation
***Warning changing the request packet size from 160 to 48
remote address port local address count m ver code avgint lstint
===============================================================================
192.168.0.222 32786 192.168.0.1 5 7 2 0 0 188
192.168.1.100 123 192.168.0.1 4299 3 2 0 22 1022110
192.168.2.133 32766 192.168.0.1 10 4 2 0 559 1110
192.168.2.133 123 192.168.0.1 6 3 6 0 1101 1502
attacker 32812 127.0.0.1 1 5 3 0 1022142 1022142
Options
-c command Following argument interpreted as an interactive format command. Multiple -c options may be given.
-i Force ntpdc to operate in interactive mode.
-l Obtain a list of peers which are known to the server(s). This switch is equivalent to -c listpeers
-n Output all host addresses in dotted-quad numeric format rather than host names.
-p Print a list of the peers as well as a summary of their state. This is equivalent to -c peers.
-s Print a list of the peers as well as a summary of their state. This is equivalent to -c dmpeers.
Available commands (abridged):
listpeers Obtains and prints a brief list of the peers.
peers Obtains a list of peers for which the server is maintaining state.
sysinfo Print a variety of system state variables.
reslist Obtain and print the server's restriction list.
monlist [version] Obtain and print traffic counts collected and maintained by the monitor facility.
Ntpq - is used to monitor NTP daemon ntpd operations and determine performance.
ntpq [-inp] [-c command] [host/IP_address]
root@attacker]# ntpq 192.168.01
ntpq> lpeers
remote refid st t when poll reach delay offset jitter
*192.168.1.100 LOCAL(0) 4 u 18 58 344 0.655 -0.039 0.029
ntpq> version
ntpq 4.2.0a@1.1196-r Mon May 07 14:14:14 EDT 2006 (1)
ntpq> host
current host is 192.168.0.1
ntpq> readlist
assID=0 status=0674 leap_none, sync_ntp, 7 events, event_peer/strat_chg,
system="SunOS", leap=00, stratum=5, rootdelay=0.655,
rootdispersion=20.080, peer=40852, refid=192.168.1.100,
reftime=c66b4f07.d732d455 Sat, Jul 01 2006 17:28:11.773, poll=6,
clock=0xc66b4f3b.595ed455, phase=-0.040, freq=80337.65, error=0.01
Options
-c Following argument is interpreted as an interactive format command. Multiple -c options may be given.
-d Debugging mode.
-i Force ntpq to operate in interactive mode.
-n Output all host addresses in dotted-quad numeric format rather than host names.
-p Print a list of the peers as well as a summary of their state.
Available Commands (abridged):
lpeers A summary of all associations for which the server is maintaining state is printed.
peers Obtains a current list peers of the server, along with a summary of each peer's state.
lpassociations Print data for all associations
version Everything you need to know about the software version and generation time.
system The operating system version and release identifier.
hostname The name of the host
As you can see, this is an awful lot of information that you can get from a target machine running ntp with no restrictions applied to it.
Restrictive Policies:
The restrict option in /etc/ntp.conf allows you to control which machines can access your server. If you want to deny all machines from accessing your NTP server, add the following line to /etc/ntp.conf:
restrict default ignore
If you only want to allow
machines within your own network to synchronize their clocks with your
server, but ensure they are not allowed to configure the server or used as
peers to synchronize against, add
restrict 192.168.0.1 mask 255.255.255.0 nomodify notrap
instead, where 192.168.0.1 is a local IP address with a netmask of 255.255.255.0.
SinFP
SinFP is an OS fingerprinting tool able to return best guesses when only a single port is found to be open. SinFP sends only standard TCP packets, and limits its tests to just 2 or 3 (only 1 test is usually needed to give a better than average chance of predicting the OS reliably). SinFP has a major benefit in that it can be run actively against alive host or passively against a saved pcap file.
SinFP is available from here and includes all required modules
Installation:
tar -zxvf SinFP-2.00.tar.gz
cd SinFP-2.00
make
make install
Execution:
./sinfp.pl -i -p <TARGETIP>
Parameters:
-d <DEV> Network device to use
-I <IP> Source IP address to use
-3 Run all probes (default)
-2 Run only probes P1 and P2 (stealthier)
-1 Run only probe P2 (even stealthier)
-v Verbose
-s <FILE> Signature file to use
-O Print only operating system
-V Print only operating system and its version family
-H Use HEURISTIC2 masks to match signatures (advanced users)
-A <MASK1 ,mask2> Use a custom list of matching masks (advanced users)
Online mode specific parameters:
-k Keep generated pcap file
-a Do not generate an anonymized pcap file trace
Offline mode specific parameters:
-f <FILE> Name of pcap file to analyze
IPv6 specific parameters:
-6 Use IPv6 fingerprinting, instead of IPv4
-M <MAC> Source MAC address to use
-m <MAC> Target MAC address to use
-4 If no IPv6 signature matches, try against IPv4 ones
Active mode specific parameters:
-r <N> No. of tries to perform for a probe (default: 3)
-t <N> Timeout before considering a packet to be lost (default: 3)
Passive mode specific parameters:
-P Passive fingerprinting
-F <FILTER> Pcap filter
Expected Results:
root@FC4#./sinfp.pl -ai 192.168.0.1 -p 445
T1: B11113 F0x12 W64240 O0204ffff M1460
T2: B11113 F0x12 W64240 O0204ffff010303000101080a000000000000000001010402 M1460
T3: B11021 F0x04 W0 O0 M0
IPv4: HEURISTIC0/P1P2P3: Windows: Microsoft: Windows: 2000 (SP0, SP4)
root@FC4#./sinfp.pl -a6i 192.168.0.30 -m 00:01:4a:17:db:69 -p 22
T1: B10013 F0x12 W50020 O0204ffff M1440
T2: B10013 F0x12 W49980 O0101080affffffff444541440204ffff0103030001010402 M1440
T3: B10020 F0x04 W0 O0 M0
IPv6: HEURISTIC0/P1P2P3: Unix: Sun: SunOS: 5.9
IPv6: HEURISTIC0/P1P2P3: Unix: Sun: SunOS: 5.10
Default Ports
Ports utilised by default do depend on what operating system platform you are running. Having a general idea of what default ports are open on a host is a good way to "fingerprint" it. Knowing what services run on these ports also allows you to carry out a great deal of enumeration by banner grabbing to obtain version and system information. From this information you can then plan your next step when carrying out the vulnerability assessment of the entire system.
The full listing from IANA is available locally, (600kb) or from their site.
Default Unix Ports:
Service Port Echo 7 Daytime 13 qotd (Quote Of The Day) 17 FTP-data 20 FTP 21 SSH 22 Telnet 23 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 25 Time server 37 Whois 43 DNS (Domain Name System) 53 TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) 69 Finger 79 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) 80 POP2 (Post Office Protocol 2) 109 POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) 110 Portmapper 111 Ident 113 NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) 119 NTP (Network Time Protocol) 123 Samba 137-9 IMAP2 (Internet Message Access Protocol) 143 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) 161 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) 179 IMAP3 (Internet Message Access Protocol) 220 LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) 389 HTTPS (Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol) 443 rlogin 513 rsh 514 Line printer (lpr) spooler 515 Talk 517 Time server 525 NNTPS (Secure Network News Transfer Protocol) 563 IPP (Internet Printing Protocol) 631 LDAPS (Secure Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) 636 IMAPS (Secure Internet Message Access Protocol) 993 POP3S (Secure Post Office Protocol) 995 NFS (Network File System) 2049 MySQL 3306 X11 6000-6063 XFS (X Font Server) 7100
Default Windows Ports:
Service Port FTP (default data channel) 20 FTP (control channel) 21 Telnet 23 Whois 43 Domain Name System 53 Bootp server 67 Bootp client 68 Trivial FTP 69 Gopher 70 HTTP 80 Kerberos 88 POP-2 (Post Office Protocol) 109 POP-3 110 NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) 119 NTP (Network Time Protocol) 123 NT RPC endpoint mapper 135 NetBIOS Name Service 137 NetBIOS Datagram Service 138 NetBIOS Session Service 139 IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) 143 SNMP 161 SNMP Trap 162 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) 179 IRC (Internet Relay Chat) 194 Computer Associates License Server 216 Checkpoint Firewall Management 256 Checkpoint Firewall Log Management 257 Checkpoint Firewall Management 258 Checkpoint VPN-1 FWZ Key Management 259 Checkpoint Alternate SNMP 260 Checkpoint Firewall Management 261 Checkpoint Firewall Topology Download 264 Checkpoint VPN-1 Public Key Transfer Protocol 265 LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) 389 HTTP over SSL 443 SNPP (Simple Network Paging Protocol) 444 Microsoft Direct SMB 445 Kerberos Password 464 IKE (IPSEC Internet Key Exchange) 500 RIP (Routing Information Protocol) 520 Netware Core Protocol 524 Kerberos Login 543 Kerberos Shell 544 NNTPS (Secure NNTP) 563 HTTP RPC Endpoint Mapper 599 SOCKS Proxy 1080 SOCKS Proxy alternate 1081 Kazaa Network 1214 Nessus 1241 Microsoft Operations Manager (MOM) 1270 Microsoft SQL Server 1433 Microsoft SQL Monitor service 1434 Sybase 1498 Oracle TNS Listener 1521 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) 1723 Winsock-proxy 1745 Remotely Anywhere 2000 Cisco device management, Remotely Anywhere 2001 Compaq Insight Manager 2301 Secure Compaq Insight Manager 2381 Terminal Services 3389 Cisco device management 4001 PC Anywhere 5631–2
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